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NCERT - 11 Chemistry

The study of the major concepts and theories required for an understanding of chemical phenomena. Principal topics include atomic and molecular structure, gas laws, stoichiometry, changes of state, chemical binding, solutions, and energetics in chemical reactions, including quantitative measurements of solutions, synthesis, characterization of chemicals by physical and spectroscopic methods, molecular modeling, and student-assigned projects concentrating on quantitative measurements of solutions.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

 *  Importance Of Chemistry
 *  Nature Of Matter
 *  Laws Of Chemical Combinations
 *  Law Of Conservation Of Mass
 *  Law Of Definite Proportions
 *  Law Of Multiple Proportions
 *  Gay Lussac’s Law Of Gaseous Volumes
 *  Avogadro Law
 *  Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 *  Atomic And Molecular Masses
 *  Atomic Mass, Average Atomic Mass
 *  Mole Concept And Molar Masses
 *  Molecular Mass, Formula Mass

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Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

 *  Introduction
 *  The International System Of Units (SI)
 *  Mass, Weight,density and temperature
 *  Introduction
 *  Precision and Accuracy
 *  Significant Figures
 *  Dimensional Analysis
 *  Percentage Composition 
 *  Empirical Formula For Molecular Formula
 *  Introduction
 *  Limiting Reagent
 *  Reactions In Solutions
 *  Mass percent ,Mole Fraction,Molarity

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Structure of Atom

 *  Sub-atomic Particles
 *  Discovery Of Electron
 *  Charge To Mass Ratio Of Electron
 *  Charge On The Electron
 *  Discovery Of Protons And Neutrons
 *  Introduction
 *  Thomson Model Of Atom
 *  Rutherford’s Nuclear Model Of Atom
 *  Atomic Number And Mass Number
 *  Isobars And Isotopes
 *  Drawbacks Of Rutherford Model
 *  Introduction
 *  Wave Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation
 *  Particle Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck’s Quantum Theory
 *  Photoelectric Effect
 *  Evidence For The Quantized* Electronic Energy Levels: Atomic Spectra
 *  Emission and Absorption Spectra
 *  Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
 *  Introduction
 *  Explanation Of Line Spectrum Of Hydrogen
 *  Limitations Of Bohr’s Model
 *  Introduction
 *  Dual Behaviour Of Matter
 *  Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
 *  Significance of Uncertainity Principle
 *  Reasons for Failure of Bohr's Model
 *  Introduction
 *  Orbitals And Quantum Numbers
 *  Shapes Of Atomic Orbitals
 *  Energies Of Orbitals
 *  Filling Of Orbitals In Atom
 *  Aufbau Principle
 *  Pauli Exclusion Principle
 *  Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
 *  Electronic Configuration Of Atoms
 *  Stability Of Completely Filled And Half Filled Subshells

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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

 *  Why Do We Need To Classify Elements?
 *  Genesis Of Periodic Classification
 *  Modern Periodic Law And The Present Form Of The Periodic Table
 *  Nomenclature Of Elements With Atomic Numbers > 100
 *  Electronic Configurations Of Elements And The Periodic Table
 *  Electronic Configuration in Periods
 *  Groupwise Electronic Configurations
 *  Electronic Configurations And Types Of Elements: 5-, P-, D-, F- Blocks Ex
 *  The S-block Elements
 *  The P-block Elements
 *  The D-block Elements (Transition Elements)
 *  The F-block Elements (Inner-transition Elements)
 *  Metals, Non-metals And Metalloids
 *  Periodic Trends In Properties Of Elements
 *  Trends in Physical Properties(Atomic Radius,Ionic Radius ,Ionization Enthalpy,Electron Gain Enthalpy,Electronegativity)
 *  Periodic Trends In Chemical Properties
 *  Periodic Trends And Chemical Reactivity

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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

 *  Introduction
 *  Octet Rule
 *  Limitation of Octet Rule
 *  Covalent Bonds
 *  Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules
 *  Formal Charge
 *  Introduction
 *  Lattice Enthalpy
 *  Bond Length
 *  Bond Angle
 *  Bond Enthalpy(bond energy)
 *  Bond Order
 *  Resonance Structures
 *  Polarity Of Bonds
 *  The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
 *  Valence Bond Theory
 *  Orbital Overlap Concept
 *  Directional Properties Of Bonds
 *  Overlapping Of Atomic Orbitals
 *  Types Of Overlapping And Nature Of Covalent Bonds(sigma,ss,pp,pi)
 *  The Strength Of Sigma And Pi Bonds
 *  Introduction
 *  Types Of Hybridisation(sp,sp2,sp3)
 *  Other Examples Of Sp3, Sp2 And Sp Hybridisation
 *  The Hybridisation Of Elements Involving D Orbitals
 *  Introduction
 *  Formation Of Molecular Orbitals Linear Combination Of Atomic Orbitals (Lcao)
 *  Conditions For The Combination Of Atomic Orbitals
 *  Types Of Molecular Orbitals
 *  Energy Level Diagram For Molecular Orbitals
 *  Electronic Configuration And Molecular Behaviour
 *  Bonding In Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
 *  Hydrogen Bonding
 *  Cause Of Formation Of Hydrogen Bond
 *  Types Of H-bonds

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States of Matter

 *  Intermolecular Forces
 *  Dispersion Forces Or London Forces
 *  Dipole-dipole Forces
 *  Dipole-induced Dipole Forces
 *  Hydrogen Bond
 *  Thermal Energy
 *  Intermolecular Forces Vs Thermal Interactions
 *  The Gaseous State Ex
 *  The Gas Laws Ex
 *  Boyle’s Law (Pressure-volume Relationship)
 *  Charles’ Law (Temperature-volume Relationship)
 *  Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure-temperature Relationship)
 *  Avogadro Law (Volume – Amount Relationship)
 *  Introduction
 *  Density And Molar Mass Of A Gaseous Substance
 *  Dalton’s Law Of Partial Pressures
 *  Kinetic Molecular Theory Of Gases
 *  Behaviour Of Real Gases: Deviation From Ideal Gas Behaviour
 *  Liquefaction Of Gases
 *  Liquid State
 *  Vapour Pressure
 *  Surface Tension and Viscosity

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Thermodynamics

 *  Thermodynamic Terms
 *  The System and the Surroundings
 *  Types of Thermodynamic Systems(open,closed,Isolated)
 *  State of the System(work,heat,the general case)
 *  Internal Energy as a State Function
 *  Work
 *  Enthalpy, H
 *  State Function
 *  Extensive and Intensive Properties
 *  Heat Capacity
 *  Relationship Between Cp and CV
 *  Measurement Of ΔU And ΔH: Calorimetry
 *  Enthalpy Change and Reaction Enthalpy
 *  Standerd Enthalpy Reactions
 *  Enthalpy Change during Phase transformation
 *  Standerd Enthalpy of Formation
 *  Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
 *  Enthalpy of combustion
 *  Enthalpy of atomization
 *  Bond Enthalpy
 *  Enthalpy of Solution
 *  Lattice Enthalpy
 *  Entropy and Spontaneity
 *  Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
 *  Gibbs Energy Change And Equilibrium

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Chemical Equilibrium

 *  Solid-liquid Equilibrium
 *  Liquid-vapour Equilibrium
 *  Solid – Vapour Equilibrium
 *  Equilibrium Involving Dissolution Of Solid Or Gases In Liquids
 *  General Characteristics Of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes
 *  Equilibrium In Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium
 *  Law Of Chemical Equilibrium And Equilibrium Constant
 *  Homogeneous Equilibria
 *  Equilibrium Constant In Gaseous Systems
 *  Heterogeneous Equilibria
 *  Applications Of Equilibrium Constants
 *  Predicting The Extent Of A Reaction
 *  Predicting The Direction Of The Reaction
 *  Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
 *  Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q And Gibbs Energy G
 *  Effect Of Concentration Change
 *  Effect Of Pressure Change
 *  Effect Of Inert Gas Addition
 *  Effect Of Temperature Change
 *  Effect Of A Catalyst

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Ionic Equilibrium

 *  Ionic Equilibrium In Solution
 *  Introduction
 *  Arrhenius Concept Of Acids And Bases
 *  The Bronsted-lowry Acids And Bases
 *  Lewis Acids And Bases
 *  Ionization Of Acids And Bases
 *  The Ionization Constant Of Water And It’s Ionic Product
 *  The Ph Scale
 *  Ionization Constants Of Weak Acids
 *  Ionization Of Weak Bases
 *  The Relation Between Ka And Kb
 *  Di- And Polybasic Acids And Di- And Polyacidic Bases
 *  Factors Affecting Acid Strength
 *  Common Ion Effect In The Ionization Of Acids And Bases
 *  Hydrolysis Of Salts And The Ph Of Their Solutions
 *  Buffer Solutions
 *  Solubility Equilibria Of Sparingly Soluble Salts
 *  Solubility Product Constant
 *  Common Ion Effect On Solubility Of Ionic Salts

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Redox Reactions

 *  Classical Idea Of Redox Reactions – Oxidation And Reduction Reactions and agents
 *  Redox Reactions In Terms Of Electron Transfer Reactions
 *  Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
 *  Oxidation Number
 *  Types Of Redox Reactions
 *  Balancing Of Redox Reactions
 *  Redox Reactions As The Basis For Titrations
 *  Limitations Of Concept Of Oxidation Number
 *  Stock notation
 *  Redox Reactions And Electrode Processes

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"Hydrogen"

 *  Position Of Hydrogen In The Periodic Table
 *  Dihydrogen, H2
 *  Occurrence
 *  Isotopes Of Hydrogen
 *  Preparation Of Dihydrogen, H2
 *  Laboratory Preparation Of Dihydrogen
 *  Commercial Production Of Dihydrogen
 *  Properties Of Dihydrogen
 *  Physical Properties
 *  Chemical Properties
 *  Uses Of Dihydrogen
 *  Hydrides
 *  Ionic Or Saline Hydrides
 *  Covalent Or Molecular Hydride
 *  Metallic Or Non-stoichiometric (Or Interstitial ) Hydrides
 *  Introduction
 *  Physical Properties Of Water Ex
 *  Structure Of Water
 *  Structure Of Ice
 *  Chemical Properties Of Water
 *  Hard And Soft Water
 *  Temporary Hardness
 *  Permanent Hardness
 *  Hydrogen Peroxide (H202)
 *  Preparation
 *  Physical Properties
 *  Structure
 *  Chemical Properties
 *  Storage
 *  Uses
 *  Heavy Water, D20
 *  Dihydrogen as a Fuel

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The s-Block Elements

 *  Introduction
 *  Group 1 Elements: General introduction
 *  Group 2 Elements: General introduction
 *  electronic configuration and general trends in physical properties of elements
 *  electronic configuration and general trends in chemical properties of elements
 *  anomalous properties of the first element of each group
 *  diagonal relationships
 *  Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium carbonate
 *  Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium chloride
 *  Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium hydroxide
 *  Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium hydrogen carbonate
 *  Industrial uses of lime
 *  Industrial uses of limestone
 *  Industrial uses of Plaster of Paris
 *  Industrial uses of cement
 *  The biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca

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The p-Block Elements

 *  General Introduction of p block elements
 *  Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family
    *  1. Electronic Configuration
    *  2. Atomic Radii
    *  3. Ionization Enthalpy
    *  4. Electronegativity
    *  5. Physical Properties
    *  6. Chemical Properties
 *  2. Important Trends And Anomalous Properties Of Boron
    *  1. Borax
    *  2. Orthoboric Acid
    *  3. Diborane, B2h6
 *  4. Uses Of Boron And Aluminium And Their Compounds
 *  5. Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family
    *  1. Electronic Configuration
    *  2. Covalent Radius
    *  3. Ionization Enthalpy
    *  4. Electronegativity
    *  5. Physical Properties
    *  6. Chemical Properties
 *  6. Important Trends And Anomalous Behaviour Of Carbon
 *  7. Allotropes Of Carbon
    *  1. Diamond
    *  2. Graphite
    *  3. Fullerenes
    *  4. Uses Of Carbon
 *  8. Some Important Compounds Of Carbon And Silicon
    *  1. Carbon Monoxide
    *  2. Carbon Dioxide
    *  3. Silicon Dioxide, Si02
    *  4. Silicones
    *  5. Silicates
    *  6. Zeolites

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Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

 *  1. General Introduction
 *  Tetravalence Of Carbon: Shapes Of Organic Compounds
 *  Introduction
 *  1. Complete, Condensed And Bond-line Structural Formulas
 *  2. Three-dimensional Representation Of Organic Molecules
 *  Classification Of Organic Compounds
 *  Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds
 *  The IUPAC System Of Nomenclature
 *  IUPAC Nomenclature Of Alkanes
 *  Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds Having Functional Group(S)
 *  Nomenclature Of Substituted Benzene Compounds
   *  Introduction
 *  Structural Isomerism
 *  Chain or Nuclear Isomerism
 *  Position Isomerism
 *  Ring Chain Isomersim
 *  Functional Isomersim
 *  Metamerism Isomerism
 *  Geometrical Isomerism
 *  Optical Isomerism of Lactic Acid
 *  Optical Isomerism of Tartaric Acid
 *  Stereoisomerism
 *  Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism
    *  1. Fission Of A Covalent Bond
    *  2. Nucleophiles And Electrophiles
    *  3. Electron Movement In Organic Reactions
    *  4. Electron Displacement Effects In Covalent Bonds
    *  5. Inductive Effect
    *  6. Resonance Structure
    *  7. Resonance Effect
    *  8. Electromeric Effect (E Effect)
    *  9. Hyperconjugation
    *  10. Types Of Organic Reactions And Mechanisms
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Sublimation
    *  2. Crystallization
    *  3. Distillation
    *  4. Differential Extraction
    *  5. Chromatography
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Detection Of Carbon And Hydrogen
    *  2. Detection Of Other Elements
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Carbon And Hydrogen
    *  2. Nitrogen
    *  3. Halogens
    *  4. Sulphur
    *  5. Phosphorus
    *  6. Oxygen

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Hydrocarbon

 *  Classification of Hydrocarbon
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Nomenclature And Isomerism
    *  2. Preparation
    *  3. Properties(physical and chemical)
    *  4. Conformations
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Structure Of Double Bond
    *  2. Nomenclature
    *  3. Isomerism
    *  4. Preparation
 *  3. Properties(physical and chemical)
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Nomenclature And Isomerism
    *  2. Structure Of Triple Bond
    *  3. Preparation
 *  3. Properties(physical and chemical)
 *  Introduction
    *  1. Nomenclature And Isomerism
    *  2. Structure Of Benzene
    *  3. Aromaticity
    *  4. Preparation Of Benzene
    *  5. Properties(chemical and physical)
    *  6. Directive Influence Of A Functional Group In Monosubstituted Benzene

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 Environmental Chemistry

 *  Environmental Pollution
 *  Introduction and its Types
    *  1. Tropospheric Pollution
    *  2. Stratospheric Pollution
 *  Introduction and its Types
    *  1. Causes of Water Pollution
    *  2. International Standards for Drinking Water
 *  Introduction and its Types
    *  1. Pesticides
 *  Industrial Waste
 *  Strategies To Control Environmental Pollution
    *  1. Waste Management
    *  2. Waste Management
 *  Green Chemistry
    *  1. Introduction
    *  2. Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life

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