Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
* Importance Of Chemistry
* Nature Of Matter
* Laws Of Chemical Combinations
* Law Of Conservation Of Mass
* Law Of Definite Proportions
* Law Of Multiple Proportions
* Gay Lussac’s Law Of Gaseous Volumes
* Avogadro Law
* Dalton’s Atomic Theory
* Atomic And Molecular Masses
* Atomic Mass, Average Atomic Mass
* Mole Concept And Molar Masses
* Molecular Mass, Formula Mass
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
* Introduction
* The International System Of Units (SI)
* Mass, Weight,density and temperature
* Introduction
* Precision and Accuracy
* Significant Figures
* Dimensional Analysis
* Percentage Composition
* Empirical Formula For Molecular Formula
* Introduction
* Limiting Reagent
* Reactions In Solutions.
* Mass percent ,Mole Fraction,Molarity
Structure of Atom
* Sub-atomic Particles
* Discovery Of Electron
* Charge To Mass Ratio Of Electron
* Charge On The Electron
* Discovery Of Protons And Neutrons
* Introduction
* Thomson Model Of Atom
* Rutherford’s Nuclear Model Of Atom
* Atomic Number And Mass Number
* Isobars And Isotopes
* Drawbacks Of Rutherford Model
* Introduction
* Wave Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation
* Particle Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck’s Quantum Theory
* Photoelectric Effect
* Evidence For The Quantized* Electronic Energy Levels: Atomic Spectra
* Emission and Absorption Spectra
* Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
* Introduction
* Explanation Of Line Spectrum Of Hydrogen
* Limitations Of Bohr’s Model
* Introduction
* Dual Behaviour Of Matter
* Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
* Significance of Uncertainity Principle
* Reasons for Failure of Bohr's Model
* Introduction
* Orbitals And Quantum Numbers
* Shapes Of Atomic Orbitals
* Energies Of Orbitals
* Filling Of Orbitals In Atom
* Aufbau Principle
* Pauli Exclusion Principle
* Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
* Electronic Configuration Of Atoms
* Stability Of Completely Filled And Half Filled Subshells
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
* Why Do We Need To Classify Elements?
* Genesis Of Periodic Classification
* Modern Periodic Law And The Present Form Of The Periodic Table
* Nomenclature Of Elements With Atomic Numbers > 100
* Electronic Configurations Of Elements And The Periodic Table
* Electronic Configuration in Periods
* Groupwise Electronic Configurations
* Electronic Configurations And Types Of Elements: 5-, P-, D-, F- Blocks Ex
* The S-block Elements
* The P-block Elements
* The D-block Elements (Transition Elements)
* The F-block Elements (Inner-transition Elements)
* Metals, Non-metals And Metalloids
* Periodic Trends In Properties Of Elements
* Trends in Physical Properties(Atomic Radius,Ionic Radius ,Ionization Enthalpy,Electron Gain Enthalpy,Electronegativity)
* Periodic Trends In Chemical Properties
* Periodic Trends And Chemical Reactivity.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
* Introduction
* Octet Rule
* Limitation of Octet Rule
* Covalent Bonds
* Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules
* Formal Charge
* Introduction
* Lattice Enthalpy
* Bond Length
* Bond Angle
* Bond Enthalpy(bond energy)
* Bond Order
* Resonance Structures
* Polarity Of Bonds
* The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
* Valence Bond Theory
* Orbital Overlap Concept
* Directional Properties Of Bonds
* Overlapping Of Atomic Orbitals
* Types Of Overlapping And Nature Of Covalent Bonds(sigma,ss,pp,pi)
* The Strength Of Sigma And Pi Bonds
* Introduction
* Types Of Hybridisation(sp,sp2,sp3)
* Other Examples Of Sp3, Sp2 And Sp Hybridisation
* The Hybridisation Of Elements Involving D Orbitals
* Introduction
* Formation Of Molecular Orbitals Linear Combination Of Atomic Orbitals (Lcao)
* Conditions For The Combination Of Atomic Orbitals
* Types Of Molecular Orbitals
* Energy Level Diagram For Molecular Orbitals
* Electronic Configuration And Molecular Behaviour
* Bonding In Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
* Hydrogen Bonding
* Cause Of Formation Of Hydrogen Bond
* Types Of H-bonds.
States of Matter
* Intermolecular Forces
* Dispersion Forces Or London Forces
* Dipole-dipole Forces
* Dipole-induced Dipole Forces
* Hydrogen Bond
* Thermal Energy
* Intermolecular Forces Vs Thermal Interactions
* The Gaseous State Ex
* The Gas Laws Ex
* Boyle’s Law (Pressure-volume Relationship)
* Charles’ Law (Temperature-volume Relationship)
* Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure-temperature Relationship)
* Avogadro Law (Volume – Amount Relationship)
* Introduction
* Density And Molar Mass Of A Gaseous Substance
* Dalton’s Law Of Partial Pressures
* Kinetic Molecular Theory Of Gases
* Behaviour Of Real Gases: Deviation From Ideal Gas Behaviour
* Liquefaction Of Gases
* Liquid State
* Vapour Pressure
* Surface Tension and Viscosity.
Thermodynamics
* Thermodynamic Terms
* The System and the Surroundings
* Types of Thermodynamic Systems(open,closed,Isolated)
* State of the System(work,heat,the general case)
* Internal Energy as a State Function
* Work
* Enthalpy, H
* State Function
* Extensive and Intensive Properties
* Heat Capacity
* Relationship Between Cp and CV
* Measurement Of ΔU And ΔH: Calorimetry
* Enthalpy Change and Reaction Enthalpy
* Standerd Enthalpy Reactions
* Enthalpy Change during Phase transformation
* Standerd Enthalpy of Formation
* Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
* Enthalpy of combustion
* Enthalpy of atomization
* Bond Enthalpy
* Enthalpy of Solution
* Lattice Enthalpy
* Entropy and Spontaneity
* Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
* Gibbs Energy Change And Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
* Solid-liquid Equilibrium
* Liquid-vapour Equilibrium
* Solid – Vapour Equilibrium
* Equilibrium Involving Dissolution Of Solid Or Gases In Liquids
* General Characteristics Of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes
* Equilibrium In Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium
* Law Of Chemical Equilibrium And Equilibrium Constant
* Homogeneous Equilibria
* Equilibrium Constant In Gaseous Systems
* Heterogeneous Equilibria
* Applications Of Equilibrium Constants
* Predicting The Extent Of A Reaction
* Predicting The Direction Of The Reaction
* Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
* Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q And Gibbs Energy G
* Effect Of Concentration Change
* Effect Of Pressure Change
* Effect Of Inert Gas Addition
* Effect Of Temperature Change
* Effect Of A Catalyst
Redox Reactions
* Classical Idea Of Redox Reactions – Oxidation And Reduction Reactions and agents
* Redox Reactions In Terms Of Electron Transfer Reactions
* Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
* Oxidation Number
* Types Of Redox Reactions
* Balancing Of Redox Reactions
* Redox Reactions As The Basis For Titrations
* Limitations Of Concept Of Oxidation Number
* Stock notation
* Redox Reactions And Electrode Processes.
"Hydrogen"
* Position Of Hydrogen In The Periodic Table
* Dihydrogen, H2
* Occurrence
* Isotopes Of Hydrogen
* Preparation Of Dihydrogen, H2
* Laboratory Preparation Of Dihydrogen
* Commercial Production Of Dihydrogen
* Properties Of Dihydrogen
* Physical Properties
* Chemical Properties
* Uses Of Dihydrogen
* Hydrides
* Ionic Or Saline Hydrides
* Covalent Or Molecular Hydride
* Metallic Or Non-stoichiometric (Or Interstitial ) Hydrides
* Introduction
* Physical Properties Of Water Ex
* Structure Of Water
* Structure Of Ice
* Chemical Properties Of Water
* Hard And Soft Water
* Temporary Hardness
* Permanent Hardness
* Hydrogen Peroxide (H202)
* Preparation
* Physical Properties
* Structure
* Chemical Properties
* Storage
* Uses
* Heavy Water, D20
* Dihydrogen as a Fuel
The s-Block Elements
* Introduction
* Group 1 Elements: General introduction
* Group 2 Elements: General introduction
* electronic configuration and general trends in physical properties of elements
* electronic configuration and general trends in chemical properties of elements
* anomalous properties of the first element of each group
* diagonal relationships
* Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium carbonate
* Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium chloride
* Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium hydroxide
* Preparation and properties of some important compounds: sodium hydrogen carbonate
* Industrial uses of lime
* Industrial uses of limestone
* Industrial uses of Plaster of Paris
* Industrial uses of cement
* The biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca
The p-Block Elements
* General Introduction of p block elements
* Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family
* 1. Electronic Configuration
* 2. Atomic Radii
* 3. Ionization Enthalpy
* 4. Electronegativity
* 5. Physical Properties
* 6. Chemical Properties
* 2. Important Trends And Anomalous Properties Of Boron
* 1. Borax
* 2. Orthoboric Acid
* 3. Diborane, B2h6
* 4. Uses Of Boron And Aluminium And Their Compounds
* 5. Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family
* 1. Electronic Configuration
* 2. Covalent Radius
* 3. Ionization Enthalpy
* 4. Electronegativity
* 5. Physical Properties
* 6. Chemical Properties
* 6. Important Trends And Anomalous Behaviour Of Carbon
* 7. Allotropes Of Carbon
* 1. Diamond
* 2. Graphite
* 3. Fullerenes
* 4. Uses Of Carbon
* 8. Some Important Compounds Of Carbon And Silicon
* 1. Carbon Monoxide
* 2. Carbon Dioxide
* 3. Silicon Dioxide, Si02
* 4. Silicones
* 5. Silicates
* 6. Zeolites
Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
* 1. General Introduction
* Tetravalence Of Carbon: Shapes Of Organic Compounds
* Introduction
* 1. Complete, Condensed And Bond-line Structural Formulas
* 2. Three-dimensional Representation Of Organic Molecules
* Classification Of Organic Compounds
* Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds
* The IUPAC System Of Nomenclature
* IUPAC Nomenclature Of Alkanes
* Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds Having Functional Group(S)
* Nomenclature Of Substituted Benzene Compounds
* Introduction
* Structural Isomerism
* Chain or Nuclear Isomerism
* Position Isomerism
* Ring Chain Isomersim
* Functional Isomersim
* Metamerism Isomerism
* Geometrical Isomerism
* Optical Isomerism of Lactic Acid
* Optical Isomerism of Tartaric Acid
* Stereoisomerism
* Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism
* 1. Fission Of A Covalent Bond
* 2. Nucleophiles And Electrophiles
* 3. Electron Movement In Organic Reactions
* 4. Electron Displacement Effects In Covalent Bonds
* 5. Inductive Effect
* 6. Resonance Structure
* 7. Resonance Effect
* 8. Electromeric Effect (E Effect)
* 9. Hyperconjugation
* 10. Types Of Organic Reactions And Mechanisms
* Introduction
* 1. Sublimation
* 2. Crystallization
* 3. Distillation
* 4. Differential Extraction
* 5. Chromatography
* Introduction
* 1. Detection Of Carbon And Hydrogen
* 2. Detection Of Other Elements
* Introduction
* 1. Carbon And Hydrogen
* 2. Nitrogen
* 3. Halogens
* 4. Sulphur
* 5. Phosphorus
* 6. Oxygen
Hydrocarbon
* Classification of Hydrocarbon
* Introduction
* 1. Nomenclature And Isomerism
* 2. Preparation
* 3. Properties(physical and chemical)
* 4. Conformations
* Introduction
* 1. Structure Of Double Bond
* 2. Nomenclature
* 3. Isomerism
* 4. Preparation
* 3. Properties(physical and chemical)
* Introduction
* 1. Nomenclature And Isomerism
* 2. Structure Of Triple Bond
* 3. Preparation
* 3. Properties(physical and chemical)
* Introduction
* 1. Nomenclature And Isomerism
* 2. Structure Of Benzene
* 3. Aromaticity
* 4. Preparation Of Benzene
* 5. Properties(chemical and physical)
* 6. Directive Influence Of A Functional Group In Monosubstituted Benzene
* Carcinogenicity And Toxicity
Environmental Chemistry
* Environmental Pollution
* Introduction and its Types
* 1. Tropospheric Pollution
* 2. Stratospheric Pollution
* Introduction and its Types
* 1. Causes of Water Pollution
* 2. International Standards for Drinking Water
* Introduction and its Types
* 1. Pesticides
* Industrial Waste
* Strategies To Control Environmental Pollution
* 1. Waste Management
* 2. Waste Management
* Green Chemistry
* 1. Introduction
* 2. Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life
Solid State
* Introduction to Solid State and its Classification
* Crystalline Solids
* Amorphous Solids
* Molecular Solids
* Ionic Solids
* Metallic Solids
* Covalent Solids
* Bravais Lattice
* Primitive and Centred Unit Cells
* Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
* Body - Centred Cubic Unit Cell
* Face -Centred Cubic Unit Cell
* Problems Based on Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
* Introduction to Closed Packed Structures(Closed Packing in one dimension,Close Packing in Two Dimension,Close Packing in Three Dimension
* Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
* Efficiency of Packing in Body - Centred Cubic Structures
* Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice
* Problems Based on Packing Efficiency
* Calculation Involving Unit Cell Dimension
* Introduction
* Types of Point Defects(Stiochiometric,Vacancy,Interstitial,Frenkel,Schottky,Impurity,Non-stiochometric,Metal Excess,Metal Deficiency)
* Conduction of Electricity in Metals
* Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors(electron rich,electron deficit)
* Application of n type and p type semiconductors
* Magnetic Properties(para,dia,ferro,antiferro,ferri)
Solutions
* Types of Solutions
* Expressing Concentration of Solutions
* Introduction
* 1. The solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
* 2. The solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
* Introduction
* 1. Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions
* 2. Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law
* 3. Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
* Introduction
* 1. Ideal Solutions
* 2. Non-ideal Solutions
* Introduction
* 1. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
* 2. Elevation of Boiling Point
* 3. Depression of Freezing Point
* 4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
* Abnormal Molar Masses
* Von't Hoff factor
Electrochemistry
* Electrochemical Cells
* Introduction
* 1. Measurement of Electrode Potential
* Introduction
* 1. Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
* 2. Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of Reaction
* Introduction
* 1. Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
* 2. Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
* Introduction
* 1. Products of Electrolysis
* Introduction
* 1. Primary Batteries
* 2. Secondary Batteries
* Fuel Cells
* Corrosion
* Faraday's Law
Chemical Kinetics
* Introduction
* The rate of a Chemical Reaction
* Introduction
* 1. Dependence of Rate on Concentration
* 2. Rate Expression and Rate Constant
* 3. Order of a Reaction
* 4. Molecularity of a Reaction
* Introduction
* 1. Zero Order Reactions
* 2. First-Order Reactions
* 3. Half-Life of a Reaction
* 4. Pseudo First Order Reaction
* 5. Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
* Effect of Catalyst
* Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions.
Surface Chemistry
* Introduction
* 1. The distinction between Adsorption and Absorption
* 2. Mechanism of Adsorption
* 3. Types of Adsorption
* 4. Adsorption Isotherms
* 5. Adsorption from Solution Phase
* 6. Applications of Adsorption
* Introduction
* 1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
* 2. Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
* 3. Shape-Selective Catalysis by Zeolites
* 4. Enzyme Catalysis
* 5. Catalysts in Industry
* 3. Colloids
* Introduction
* 1. Classification Based on the Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
* 2. Classification Based on the Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
* 3. Classification Based on the Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular, and Associated Colloids
* 4. Preparation of Colloids
* 5. Purification of Colloidal Solutions
* 6. Properties of Colloidal Solutions
* Emulsions
* Colloids around Us
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
* Occurrence of Metals
* Introduction
* Magnetic Separation
* Froth Float Method
* Hydraulic Washing
* Introduction
* Conversion to Oxide
* Reduction to Oxide to the Metal
* Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
* Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
* Oxidation-Reduction
* Refining
* Distillation
* Liquation
* Electrolysis
* Zone Refining
* Vapour Phase Refining
* Chromatographic Methods
* Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, and Iron
The p Block Elements - Group 15,16,17 and 18 groups
* Group 15 Elements
* Electronic Configuration
* General Trends in Physical Properties of Elements Across the Periods and Down the Groups
* General Trends in Chemical Properties of Elements Across the Periods and Down the Groups
* Dinitrogen
* Ammonia
* Oxides of Nitrogen
* Nitric Acid
* Phosphorus — Allotropic Forms
* Phosphine
* Phosphorus Halides
* Oxoacids of Phosphorus
* Group 16:general Introduction
* Electronic Configuration
* General Trends in Physical Properties of Elements Across the Periods and Down the Groups
* General Trends in Chemical Properties of Elements Across the Periods and Down the Groups
* Unique Behaviour of the First Element in Each Group
* Groupwise Study of the P Block Elements
* Simple Oxides
* Ozone
* Sulphur — Allotropic Forms
* Sulphur Dioxide
* Oxoacids of Sulphur
* Sulphuric Acid
* Introduction
* Chlorine
* Hydrogen Chloride
* Oxoacids of Halogens
* Interhalogen Compounds
* Group 18: General Introduction
* Electronic Configuration
* General Trends in Physical Properties of Elements Across the Periods and Down the Groups
* General Trends in Chemical Properties of Elements Across the Periods and Down the Groups
* Unique Behaviour of the First Element in Each Group
* Groupwise Study of the P Block Elements
* Occurrence and Uses of Noble Gases;
* Structures of Fluorides and Oxides of Xenon
d and f Block Elements
* Position in the Periodic Table
* Electronic Configuration
* Occurrence and Characteristics
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements: Physical Properties
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements:ionization Enthalpy
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements:oxidation States
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements:atomic Radii
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements:colour
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements:catalytic Behaviour
* General Trends in Properties of the First-Row Transition Elements:magnetic Properties
* Complex Formation
* Interstitial Compounds
* Alloy Formation
* Preparation, Properties, and Uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
* Preparation, Properties, and Uses ofKMnO4
* Lanthanides
* Electronic Configuration
* Oxidation States
* Chemical Reactivity
* Lanthanoid Contraction
* Electronic Configuration and Oxidation States
* Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements
Coordination Compounds
* Introduction to Coordination Compounds
* Werner’s Theory
* Ligands
* Coordination Number
* Denticity
* Chelation
* IUPAC Nomenclature of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
* Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
* Bonding in Coordination Compounds
* Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
* Colour and Magnetic Properties
* Stability of Coordination Compounds
* Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
* Introduction(Classification and structural isomerism)
* Nomenclature
* Nature of C-X Bond
* Methods of Preparation
* Physical Properties
* Chemical Properties- I
* Chemical Properties- II
* Aryl Halides : Introduction and Properties
* Aryl Halides : Chemical Properties
* Aryl Halides Ring Substitution Reactions
* Mechanisms of Substitution Reactions
* Uses
* Environmental Effects of Dichloromethane
* Environmental Effects of Carbontetrachloride
* Environmental Effects of Chloroform
* Environmental Effects of Iodoform
* Environmental Effects of Freons
* Environmental Effects of Ddt
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
* Introduction
* Classification
* Nomenclature
* Structures of Functional groups
* Introduction 1 -Alcohols
* Identification of Primary
* Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols
* Mechanism of Dehydration
* Preparation Techniques of Alcohols
* Physical Properties - Alcohols
* Chemical Properties - Alcohols
* Introduction 2 -Phenols
* Acidic Nature
* Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
* Halogenation
* Nitration
* Sulphonation
* Reimer Tiemann Reaction
* Physical and chemical Properties of phenol
* Introduction 3 - Ether
* Structure
* Preparation Techniques of Ethers
* Physical Properties - Ethers
* Chemical Properties - Ethers
* Some Important Commercially Alcohols
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
* Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
* Nature of Carbonyl Group
* Physical and chemical Properties of aldehydes and ketones
* Nucleophilic Addition to >C=O Group
* Relative Reactivities of Aldehydes and Ketones
* Nucleophilic Addition Reactions (Addition of Hcn, Nh3 and Its Derivatives)
* Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
* Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
* Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
* Physical and chemical Properties
* Chemical Reactions
* Uses of Carboxylic Acids
* Carboxylic Acids: Acidic Strength and Factors Affecting It
* Chemical Tests to Distinguish Between Aldehydes and Ketones
Amines
* Structure of Amines
* Classification
* Nomenclature
* Preparation of Amines
* Physical and Chemical Properties
* Chemical Reactions
* Methods of preparation of Diazonium Salts
* Physical Properties
* Chemical reactions
* Importance of Diazonium salts in Synthesis of aromatic Compounds
Biomolecules
* General Introduction and Importance of Biomolecules
* Introduction
* Classification: Aldoses and Ketoses
* Monosaccharides (Glucose and Fructose)
* Constituent Monosaccharides or Oligosaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)
* Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen)
* Proteins: Elementary Idea of Amino Acids
* Peptide Bond
* Polypeptides
* Proteins: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure (Qualitative Idea Only)
* Denaturation of Proteins
* Enzymes
* Vitamins: Classification and Functions
* B Chemical Constitution of Dna and Rna
* Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids
* Nuclei Acids
* Hormones
Polymers
* Introduction
* Classification of Polymers
* Molecular Mass of Polymers
* Addition and Condensation
* Co-Polymerization
* Natural and Synthetic Rubber and Vulcanization
* Biodegradable Polymers
* Polyethene
* Nylon
* Polyester
* Bakelite
Chemistry in Everyday Life
* Drugs and their Classification
* Introduction
* Analgesics
* Tranquilizers
* Antiseptics
* Disinfectants
* Antimicrobials
* Antifertility Drugs
* Antibiotics
* Antacids
* Preservatives
* Artificial Sweetening Agents Common Examples
* Cleansing Agents: Soaps and Detergents
* Cleansing Action
* Antihistamines Their Meaning and Common Examples
* Fertilizers
Nuclear Chemistry and Radioactivity
* Introduction
* On the basis of neutrons,on the basis of nuclear stability
* Even and odd nature of proton and neutron
* neutron to Proton ratio,magic numbers
* Nuclear Potential
* Nuclear Binding energy and mass defect
* Radioactivity
* Rate of decay
* Rate Law
* Expression for decay constant
* Half life of radio element
* Graphical representation of decay
* Units of radioactivity
* Alpha decay
* Beta decay
* Gamma decay
* Transmutation
* Comparison between chemical reaction and nuclear reaction
* Induced or artifical radioactivity
* Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion
* Radiocarbon dating
* Electrical energy from nuclear fission
* Application in medicine and other applications
Ionic Equilibrium
* Ionic Equilibrium In Solution
* Introduction
* Arrhenius Concept Of Acids And Bases
* The Bronsted-lowry Acids And Bases
* Lewis Acids And Bases
* Ionization Of Acids And Bases
* The Ionization Constant Of Water And It’s Ionic Product
* The Ph Scale
* Ionization Constants Of Weak Acids
* Ionization Of Weak Bases
* The Relation Between Ka And Kb
* Di- And Polybasic Acids And Di- And Polyacidic Bases
* Factors Affecting Acid Strength
* Common Ion Effect In The Ionization Of Acids And Bases
* Hydrolysis Of Salts And The Ph Of Their Solutions
* Buffer Solutions
* Solubility Equilibria Of Sparingly Soluble Salts
* Solubility Product Constant
* Common Ion Effect On Solubility Of Ionic Salts